UHF (300~3,000 MHz) radio waves and receives backscattered radio waves by atmospheric turbulence to measure wind and atmospheric conditions from 5 to 10 km from the ground.

A movable observation X-band radar that emits electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 9300 ~ 9500 MHz in the atmosphere, collides with precipitation particles, and detects the precipitation area, precipitation intensity, and movement speed using the scattered signals.

Measure the volume, diameter, and flatness of the precipitation entering the observation area (100×100 mm2) with two light sources installed orthogonally and two optical cameras installed on the opposite side, Measuring the vertical fall speed of a precipitation using the height difference (6.2 mm) between the two light sources.

Small X-band Bi-static radar (10.525 GHz) that calculates the drop size distribution of rainfall particles, rainfall intensity, hydrometeor classification, etc. from Doppler power spectral density.

The beam blocking effect of rain or snow particles falling in the laser beam region (wavelength 655 nm) is converted into an electrical signal to measure particle size and falling speed, and to calculate precipitation intensity and hydrometeo classification (rain, snow, hail, etc.)

Vertically Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar that uses electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 24.1 GHz (K-band). Observation of radar reflectivity and particle fall velocity, and calculation of rainfall intensity, liquid water content, and particle size distribution from this

Measure the wind direction and speed of the lower floors using sound waves. Generates sound waves in vertical, north-south, east-west directions from the antenna, receives the scattered reflected waves, acquires frequency change and reflectance data, and calculates the actual wind size and direction by synthesizing the data in each direction into a vector

provides 6 of the most important weather parameters: air pressure, temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed and direction through various combinations.

Measure wind speed components and air temperature by transmitting and receiving sound wave signals in fixed orthogonal directions of X, Y, and Z axes.

The vibration wire sensor continuously measures the weight of the rain collected in the bucket through the top of the water spout and outputs the frequency. Since the frequency is a function of the tension applied to the wire, it is converted into rainfall to calculate the accumulated rainfall.

High-resolution three-dimensional wind field observation by transmitting a laser (wavelength 1550 nm) to measure the Doppler shift of the backscattered wavelength.

System uses ultrasonic pulses along three non-complanar ray paths to measure wind speed and wind direction or alternatively the three orthogonal windcomponents x, y, z.

The Meteorological Particle Spectrometer (MPS) is designed to directly measure precipitation shapes, sizes and fall velocities. In post processing, rainfall rates and statistical data on the intensity of the rainfall can be derived. The image data can be analyzed to determine if the precipitation is in the form of droplets or frozen precipitation.

The Geonor is designed for year round, automatic precipitation measurements. Sensors are available in 600 mm, 1000 mm, and 1500 mm capacities. Vibrating wire transducers (sensors) are used to measure total precipitation and rate of precipitation. Each capacity of gauge is able to use 1 or 3 sensors. Using more than one sensor ensures redundancy in data collection. Precipitation can be reported at real-time intensity to any interval required. The precipitation sensor is simple to configure for use with automatic data acquisition units. Because of its simplicity and low power requirement, the Geonor is well suited for remote locations where power may only be available from solar energy. The Geonor requires a pedestal, wind screen, and conductor interface cables, which are available separately. The Geonor was developed in Norway and has a long-standing history of operation. There are more than 2000 systems installed worldwide, with applications in national weather services, climatic research institutes, hydro power companies, airport authorities, road authorities, agricultural services, avalanche prediction centres, and winter sport resorts.

VertiX is made by remodeling of transmitter-receiver of a ship radar with a parabolic antenna and a locally developed data collection system (McGill university).

The radar can observe reflectivity and doppler velocity of only vertical direction. All precipitation targets, some ice clouds can be detected.

A battery-powered rainfall data collection and recording system that includes a HOBO Pendant Event data logger integrated into a tipping-bucket rain gauge.

MIRA-35C is a magnetron based pulsed Ka-Band Doppler radar with very high sensitivity, which allows detecting atmospheric clouds and fog.

It transmits a linear polarized signal while receiving co- and cross- polarized signals simultaneously to detect Doppler spectra of reflectivity and Linear De-polarization Ratio (LDR).

The reflectivity is used to determine the density of cloud constituents while LDR helps to identify the target type.

The 5th generation LMA is a three dimensional lightning mapping array which consists of several individual LMA sensors arranged around a target area. The spacing of the sensors is dependent on the size of the area to be covered, the topography of the area, the importance of locating ground strikes, and the number of sensors in the network. Each sensor consists of a VHF antenna and receiver, a GPS antenna and receiver, a cellular antenna for communication, and solar panels with batteries to provide operational power. A network usually consists of 12 to 15 individual LMA sensors and a central processing server. The network is generally self-sufficient, although periodic maintenance is required.

It is a large double fence made to the standard specified(inner & outer fence height) by the WMO to minimize the influence of the surrounding wind and increase the precipitation capture rate.

Cross section of Double Fence Intercomparison Reference (DFIR)